Unit 2: Pronouns Unit 2 Vocabulary General Vocabulary Coptic English Gender Irregular Plural ϩⲱⲃ thing M ϩ̀ⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ every M/F Adjectives Coptic English Gender Irregular Plural ⲃⲉⲣⲓ new ⲁⲡⲁⲥ old ⲛⲓϣϯ great ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ small ⲥⲁⲃⲉ wise ⲥⲁⲃⲉⲩ ⲥⲁⲃⲏ wise ⲥⲁⲃⲉⲩ ⲥⲟϫ fool (adj. foolish) ⲛⲟⲩⲃ gold ϩⲁⲧ silver Body Parts Coptic English Gender Irregular Plural ̀ⲁⲫⲉ head F ⲁⲫⲏⲟ̀ⲩⲓ ϫⲓϫ hand F ⲃⲁⲗ eye M ⲣⲱ mouth M ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲁϣϫ ear M ϣⲁⲓ nose M ⲗⲁⲥ tongue M ⲛⲁϫϩⲓ tooth F ⲛⲁϩⲃⲓ neck F ⲁⲙⲏⲣ arm M ⲯⲩⲭⲏ soul F (Greek) ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ spirit M (Greek) Inflected Adjectives Coptic English ̀ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧ= only ⲧⲏⲣ= all ϩⲱ= also ̀ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ̀ⲙⲙⲟ= own Lesson 1: Near Demonstrative Pronouns Near Demonstrative Pronoun Masculine (this) Feminine (this) Plural (these) ⲫⲁⲓ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. For example, instead of saying "the man" we may say "him." Or instead of saying "the big brown chair," we may say "it." Demonstrative Pronouns work in the same way. When using the near demonstrative as a pronoun, it takes the place of a noun. For example instead of saying "this man" (and having the demonstrative "this" describe the subject "man"), you may want to say "this is the man" where the demonstrative "this" acts as a pronoun and the subject of the sentence, and "man" acts as the object. Examples ⲡⲉ/ⲧⲉ/ⲛⲉ Translation ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ  ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ This is the man ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ These are the women ⲫⲁⲓ  ⲡⲉ ̀ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲙⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ This is the Son of God ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁ̀ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ These are my brothers Emphatic Construction There is a special set construction in Coptic that uses both the Near Demonstrative Article and the Near Demonstrative Pronoun as a way of emphasis. ⲡⲁⲓⲁⲫⲟⲧ ⲫⲁⲓ:  Translating this literally would render "this chalice this" which is nonsense. A better way to translate the emphasis on the demonstrative is: "this very chalice." We will see this construction in Application 1 below. Application Application 1:  This is an excerpt from the Thanksgiving Prayer as prayed by the priest during the Divine Liturgy, the Crowning Ceremony and the Consecration of the Waters of Baptism.  ̀ⲁⲗⲓⲧⲟⲩ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲧⲁⲓ̀ⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲕ ⲫⲁⲓ . …take them away from us and from all Your people, and from this table, and from this Your holy place. ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲛⲁⲓⲡⲁⲧϣⲉⲗⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲓ and from this bridegroom and bride ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲧⲁⲓⲕⲟⲗⲩⲙⲃⲏⲑⲣⲁ ⲑⲁⲓ and from this basin ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ - "All Your people" The use of ⲧⲏⲣϥ (and ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ, ⲧⲏⲣⲉⲛ, etc.) will be covered in a future lesson, but it is commonplace and you should have a rough understanding of it by now ⲧⲁⲓ̀ⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲑⲁⲓ - "this very table" ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲕ ⲫⲁⲓ - "this very place that is holy that is Yours" ⲛⲁⲓⲡⲁⲧϣⲉⲗⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲓ - "this very bridegroom and bride" The noun here ϣⲉⲗⲉⲧ can mean bride or groom and in the plural typically means both. In Arabic this is translated as العروسين, but there is no single word to represent that in English ("newlywed" might be the closest) so we translate it as "the bridegroom and bride." Although it is plural, you see that in both Arabic and English we translated it as dual (Arabic through conjugation, English through listing two subjects). This is due to the context (i.e. a Crowning Ceremony with one bridegroom and one bride). ⲧⲁⲓⲕⲟⲗⲩⲙⲃⲏⲑⲣⲁ ⲑⲁⲓ - "this very basin" Application 2: These are responses from the Institution Narrative in the Divine Liturgy. ⲫⲁⲓ ̀ⲁⲣⲧⲓϥ ̀ⲉⲡⲁⲉⲣ̀ⲫⲙⲉⲩ̀ⲓ This do in remembrance of Me ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ. ⲁⲙⲏⲛ This is in truth. Amen. ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ. ⲁⲙⲏⲛ This also is in truth. Amen. Application 3: These are excerpts from the Confession Prayer at the end of the Liturgy (the priest's confession as well as the deacon's confession). ϫⲉ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ϯⲥⲁⲣⲝ ̀ⲛⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲛϧⲟ... This is the life-giving flesh ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ϫⲉ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ I believe, I believe, I believe, that this is in truth. Amen. Biblical Examples ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ "this is the king of the Jews" (Matthew 27:37) ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ "this is My Body" (Luke 22:19) ϧⲉⲛ ϯ̀ⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲟⲩ "in the Judgment with this generation" (Matthew 12:41) Exercises Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following phrases into Coptic: Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: Resources Page 46 of Sameh Younan PDF Page 143 of Nabil Mattar Lesson 3 of Moawad Daoud ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson 2b Lesson 2: Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns Pronouns take the place of a noun. We briefly introduced pronouns with the Demonstrative Pronouns in a previous lesson. In this lesson, we will examine the Personal Pronouns (i.e. pronouns that describe or take the place of a person). Coptic English Person Number ⲁⲛⲟⲕ I 1st Singular ⲁⲛⲟⲛ We/Us 1st Plural ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ You (m.) 2nd Singular ̀ⲛⲑⲟ You (f.) 2nd Singular ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ You (pl.) or Y'all 2nd Plural ̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ He 3rd Singular ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ She 3rd Singular ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ Them 3rd Plural Examples ⲡⲉ/ⲧⲉ/ⲛⲉ Translation ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ I am the man ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ I am the woman ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ We are the men ̀ⲛⲑⲟ ⲧⲉ ϯϣⲟⲩⲣⲏ You are the censer ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ She is the woman ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ I am the "small person" or "young person" ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ She is the queen ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ You are God ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ You are my God Application Application 1:  This is an excerpt from .  Application 2:  This is an excerpt from Biblical Examples Exercises Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic:   Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: Resources "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p162 See Moawad Daoud Lesson 2 See Sameh Younan page 59 in the PDF ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson 3A Lesson 4: Indefinite Pronoun ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ Indefinite Pronoun ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ Exercises Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: Resources "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p337, 341, 342 See Moawad Daoud Lesson  See Sameh Younan page  in the PDF ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson  Lesson 5: Genitive Genitive The Genitive is a preposition that is used to denote possession (i.e. when some noun or pronoun belongs to some other noun or pronoun). In Coptic, the Genitive can be denoted by one of the articles ̀ⲙ or ̀ⲛ, or the preposition ̀ⲛⲧⲉ. Articles ̀ⲙ and ̀ⲛ ̀ⲙ when the possessor noun starts with ⲙ ⲡ ⲃ ⲫ ⲯ. ̀ⲛ in all other cases. Examples: ̀ⲡⲏⲓ ̀ⲙⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ the house of the man ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ̀ⲛϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ the king of the city ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ̀ⲙⲡⲓ̀ϣϣⲏⲛ the fruit of the tree ̀ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲟ ̀ⲙⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ the door of the Paradise ̀ⲡϫⲓⲛ̀ⲓ ̀ⲙⲡⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ the coming of Christ ̀ⲡϣⲱⲕ ̀ⲛϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲁⲙⲁ̀ⲟ the depth of the riches ̀ⲑⲛⲉϫⲓ ̀ⲛϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ the womb of the Virgin ̀ⲡϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ̀ⲛⲛⲓⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ the pride of the virgins ϯⲑⲉⲟⲧⲟⲕⲓⲁ ̀ⲙ̀ⲡ̀ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ̀ⲙ̀ⲡ̀ⲧⲓⲟⲟⲩ the Theotokia of Thursday Preposition ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ   The use of ̀ⲛⲧⲉ for the possessive can be used in any situation, but is especially used in the following situations: After an indefinite noun (e.g. ⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕⲓ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ) Nouns with demonstrative prefixes (ⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲙ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ) Nouns with a following modifier (̀ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲛϭⲁⲗⲉ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ̀ⲫⲣⲱⲙⲓ) Examples: ⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕⲓ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ a servant (f.) of God ⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲙ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ this book of my brother ̀ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲛϭⲁⲗⲉ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ̀ⲫⲣⲱⲙⲓ the lame son of the man ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲓⲟϯ I am the God of your fathers ⲡⲓⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ the Logos of the Father ̀ⲡϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ the pride of our race Pronominal Possessor ̀ⲛⲧ=   The pronominal form of the preposition ̀ⲛⲧⲉ is ̀ⲛⲧ= 1st Person S My ̀ⲛⲧⲏⲓ 2nd Person M Your (m.) ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲕ 2nd Person F Your (f.) ̀ⲛⲧⲉ 3rd Person M His ̀ⲛⲧⲁϥ 3rd Person F Her ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲥ 1st Person P Our ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲛ 2nd Person P Your (p.) ̀ⲛⲧⲱⲧⲉⲛ 3rd Person P Their ̀ⲛⲧⲱⲟⲩ Examples: ⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕ ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲕ a servant of yours ⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲙ ̀ⲛⲧⲁϥ this book of his ϣⲟⲙⲧ ̀ⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲛⲧⲁⲥ three sons of hers Possessive Pronouns These pronouns are used in place of a possessive noun ("My ") English m. Object f. Object p. Object 1st Person S Mine ⲫⲱⲓ ⲑⲱⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲓ 2nd Person M Yours (m.) ⲫⲱⲕ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲛⲟⲩⲕ 2nd Person F Yours (f.) ⲫⲱ ⲑⲱ ⲛⲟⲩ 3rd Person M His ⲫⲱϥ ⲑⲱϥ ⲛⲟⲩϥ 3rd Person F Hers ⲫⲱⲥ ⲑⲱⲥ ⲛⲟⲩⲥ 1st Person P Ours ⲫⲱⲛ ⲑⲱⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲛ 2nd Person P Yours (p.) ⲫⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉⲛ 3rd Person P Theirs ⲫⲱⲟⲩ ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲟⲩⲟⲩ Examples: ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯϫⲟⲙ Yours is the power ⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ Yours is all the earth ⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ Yours is the glory forever ⲡⲁⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲫⲱϥ ⲡⲉ this ship is his Exercises Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: Resources "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p424 See Moawad Daoud Lesson  See Sameh Younan page  in the PDF ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson